Socialism before the French Revolution.

The French Revolution

The process of centralization from the 16 century strengthened absolutism in France and by the early 18 century the French monarchy under Louis XIV became the model of centralized absolutism based on feudal social structures. Since the 17 century, tensions were mounting between centralizing and decentralizing pressures. The French Revolution brought about a complete destruction of the feudal or...

The French Revolution, 1789-1799

Malagasy at the Mascarenes: Publishing in a Servile Vernacular before the French Revolution

European expansion from the fifteenth century produced much writing on, and sometimes in, non-European languages that served a broad array of imperial interests. Most European ventures into what one scholar has termed “colonial linguistics” were based on investigations among speakers of native tongues in the regions in which those speakers normally resided, twining language studies with observe...

Political prisoners in French mental institutions before 1789, during the Revolution, and under Napoleon I.

BEFoRE 1789 mental patients were interned in France in three types of institutions: the state-directed hopital general, the clerical institution (often called charit6), and the small private pension, maison de sante. Hopital general is a misnomer and a euphemism. In Germany at that time these institutions were far more appropriately called Zuchthdiuser, in England "work-houses", and in certain ...

The Debate on the French Revolution (review)